Java & C++ & C Published by Ali Hassan - On 20:37:00 - This post haved 0 comments

Java            

Java is a powerful object-oriented programming language introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995, which has built-in support to create programs with a graphical user interface (GUI), utilize the Internet, create client-server solutions, and much more. Programs written in Java can run, without change, on any of the common computer operating systems Windows 95/NT, Macintosh, and Unix. A variant of Java programs called applets can be embedded inside a web page and execute on the computer that is viewing the page, automatically and in a secure environment.

 As a language, Java is closely related to C++, which is also object-oriented but retains a lot of idiosyncrasies inherited from its predecessor language C. Java has removed the inconsistent elements from C++, is exclusively object-oriented, and can be considered a modern version of C++. Because of its logical structure Java has quickly become a popular choice as a teaching language, and because of its extensive Internet support and the promise of writing programs once and using them on every operating system Java is becoming more and more accepted in industry.

In other words, to create a Java program you first create a text file containing the lines

public class Name

{

     public static void main(String args[])

     { 

     write anything....

      }

}

                  Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++ when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run.

C++

The initial development of the C programming language evolved around 1969 and 1973. Dennis Ritchie originally designed the language on a UNIX operating system. In 1983 the C programming language was formerly defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Although the language is not a high level programming language, it gained popularity very fast.

The C programming language served two purposes:
It provided a vehicle for the programmer to specify actions to be executed at a higher level than assembly.
It provided a set of concepts for the programmer to use when thinking about what can be done.
The first purpose ideally requires that a language is close to the machine so that all important aspects of a machine are handled simply and efficiently in a way that it is reasonably obvious to the programmer.The C programming language was primarily designed with this in mind.
Bjarne Stroustrup designed the C++ programming language and its first use was realized in July 1983.The name C++ was coined by Rick Mascitti and signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C.Bjarne Stroustrup stated that he created the language so that he did not have to program in Assembly or C. Although many new programming languages emerged since 1983, the C++ programming language still dominates in the programming arena.
The main purpose behind developing the C++ programming language was to make writing good programs easier and more pleasant for the individual programmer. C++ is a general programming language with a bias towards system programming and it consists of the following attributes. 
It is better C
Supports data abstraction
Supports object-oriented programming
 Supports generic programming

C

C is a general purpose structured powerful modern programming language. It is high level scientific language as well as business oriented language. One of the most important reasons for this popularity is portability. C is high level language but it is also called middle level language. It is actually binding the gap between machine language and high level language. C contains some addition features that allow it to be used at a low level. Use of C language for system programming as well as for application programming makes it a middle level language. C is a relatively small programming language. It reserve a set of 32 keyword and 40 operators and yet still lot of power and flexibility. C is case sensitive language. All keyword are written in lower case.

C is a relatively "low level" language. This characterization is not Introduction

pejorative; it simply means that C deals with the same sort of objects that most

computers do, namely characters, numbers, and addresses. These may be combined

and moved about with the arithmetic and logical operators implemented by real machines.

C provides no operations to deal directly with composite objects such as character strings, sets, lists, or arrays. There are no operations that manipulate an entire array or string, although structures may be copied as a unit. The language does not define any storage allocation facility other than static definition and the stack discipline provided by the local variables of functions; there is no heap or garbage collection. Finally, C itself provides no input/output facilities; there are no READ or WRITE statements, and no built-in file access

methods. All of these higher-level mechanisms must be provided by explicitly called functions. Most C implementations have included a reasonably standard collection of such functions.

Similarly, C offers only straightforward, single-thread control flow: tests, loops, grouping, and subprograms, but not multiprogramming, parallel operations, synchronization, or coroutines.

Although the absence of some of these features may seem like a grave deficiency ("You mean I have to call a function to compare two character strings?"), keeping the language down to modest size has real benefits. Since C is relatively small, it can be described in a small space, and learned quickly. A programmer can reasonably expect to know and understand and indeed regularly use the entire language.